সর্বজনীন শিক্ষার সঙ্গে কৃষিক্ষেত্রে আয়ের সম্পর্ক কী?
পারিবারিক শ্রম দিয়ে চাষ করলে জোতের আকার খুব ছোট হলেও একর-প্রতি উৎপাদন তুলনামূলক ভাবে বেশি হয়, তাই সামগ্রিক উৎপাদনও বেশি।
অচিন চক্রবর্তী
শেষ আপডেট: ১১ অক্টোবর ২০২১ ০৬:২০
জাতীয় নমুনা সমীক্ষা সংস্থা সম্প্রতি কিছু পরিসংখ্যান প্রকাশ করেছে কৃষিজীবী পরিবারের অবস্থা নিয়ে। সমীক্ষাটি করা হয়েছিল ২০১৮-১৯ সালে। এই সমীক্ষার ফলাফলের সঙ্গে অন্য সূত্রে পাওয়া আরও খানিক পরিসংখ্যান মিশিয়ে দেখা যাক পশ্চিমবঙ্গের কৃষিক্ষেত্র তথা গ্রামাঞ্চলের অর্থনৈতিক অবস্থাটা আপেক্ষিক ভাবে কেমন।
পশ্চিমবঙ্গের একটি কৃষিজীবী পরিবারের গড়পড়তা আয় মাসে ৬০৮৪ টাকা, যেখানে সর্বভারতীয় গড় ১০,২১৮ টাকা— পশ্চিমবঙ্গের তুলনায় অনেকটা বেশি। এই আয়ের পুরোটা যে কৃষি থেকেই আসছে, তা নয়। বস্তুত কৃষি থেকে আসছে অর্ধেকেরও কম, বাকিটা আসছে কৃষির বাইরে থেকে— মজুরি বা বেতন থেকে হতে পারে, বা নিজস্ব ব্যবসা থেকে। তা হলে, এই যে শুনি এ রাজ্য ধান উৎপাদনে প্রথম স্থানে, আনাজ উৎপাদনেও প্রথম, সেগুলি কি ভুল? না, ভুল নয়। ২০১৯-২০ সালে পশ্চিমবঙ্গে মোট ধান উৎপাদন হয়েছে ১ কোটি ৫৭ লক্ষ টন, যা রাজ্যগুলির মধ্যে সর্বোচ্চ। এমনকি গত এক দশকে পশ্চিমবঙ্গে কৃষি উৎপাদনে বৃদ্ধির হার ভারতীয় গড় হারের থেকে অনেকটাই বেশি। গোটা দেশে যে হার ১.৬ শতাংশ, পশ্চিমবঙ্গে তা ৩.৩ শতাংশ।
আর ধাঁধাটা সেখানেই। ধানের মোট উৎপাদনে সব রাজ্যকে পিছনে ফেললেও, কৃষি উৎপাদনের বৃদ্ধির হার ভারতীয় গড়ের থেকে অনেকটা বেশি হলেও, কৃষকের আয়ের নিরিখে পশ্চিমবঙ্গ থেকে যাচ্ছে অনেক পিছনে। এটা কী করে হয়? এর সঙ্গে যদি গ্রামাঞ্চলে মাথাপিছু ভোগব্যয়ের বৃদ্ধির ছবিটা দেখি, তা হলে মকদ্দমাটা আরও জটিল হয়ে যাচ্ছে। পশ্চিমবঙ্গের গ্রামাঞ্চলে ২০১১-১২ থেকে ২০১৭-১৮-র মধ্যে মাথাপিছু প্রকৃত (অর্থাৎ মূল্যবৃদ্ধির প্রভাব বাদ দিয়ে) ভোগব্যয় বেড়েছে ৫ শতাংশ, গোটা গ্রামীণ ভারতে যা বেড়েছে ৩ শতাংশ। অতএব রাজ্যের গ্রামের মানুষ জীবনযাত্রার মানের দিক থেকে সমগ্র দেশের তুলনায় পিছিয়ে পড়ছেন, তা-ও বলা যাচ্ছে না।
এখানে বলে রাখি, কৃষিজীবী পরিবার কাকে বলব, তা জাতীয় নমুনা সমীক্ষা সংস্থাই নির্দিষ্ট করে দিয়েছে। যে সব পরিবারে বছরে অন্তত চার হাজার টাকা আসছে কৃষি থেকে, এবং পরিবারের অন্তত এক জন সদস্য পুরো বা আংশিক সময় নিজের জমিতে চাষে যুক্ত থাকেন, সেই পরিবারকেই বলা হবে কৃষিজীবী পরিবার। পশ্চিমবঙ্গে এমন পরিবারের সংখ্যা মোটামুটি ৬৭ লক্ষ, যা গ্রামীণ পরিবারগুলির মধ্যে ৪৪ শতাংশ।
সামগ্রিক উৎপাদন বেশি, কিন্তু অধিকাংশ কৃষকের আয় কম, এ রকম পরিস্থিতি সম্ভব, যদি জমির মালিকানা খুব অসম হয়। কিন্তু পশ্চিমবঙ্গের অবস্থাটা সে রকম নয়। অন্য রাজ্যের তুলনায় এখানে জমির মালিকানায় অসাম্য কম। ব্যাখ্যাটা তাই খুঁজতে হবে অন্যত্র। দেখতে হবে একটি গড়পড়তা কৃষিজোতের আকারের দিকে। এটা অনেকেরই হয়তো জানা যে, পশ্চিমবঙ্গে জোতের আকার খুব ছোট। কৃষিজীবী পরিবারগুলির দুই-তৃতীয়াংশেরই জমির পরিমাণ এক একর বা তার কম। আর ৯৪ শতাংশের জমির পরিমাণ এক হেক্টর বা তার কম। এঁরা সবাই প্রান্তিক কৃষক। ভারতে প্রান্তিক কৃষকের অনুপাত মোট কৃষকের ৭১ শতাংশের মতো।
পারিবারিক শ্রম দিয়ে চাষ করলে জোতের আকার খুব ছোট হলেও একর-প্রতি উৎপাদন তুলনামূলক ভাবে বেশি হয়, তাই সামগ্রিক উৎপাদনও বেশি। কিন্তু পরিবার পিছু আয় হয় খুব কম, জমির পরিমাণ কম বলে। এ রকম অতি ক্ষুদ্র জোতে চাষবাসের ভবিষ্যৎ কেমন? উজ্জ্বল যে নয়, তা বোঝা যাচ্ছে। তবু কৃষকরা চাষবাস করে চলেছেন বিকল্প তেমন নেই বলে। আর দ্বিতীয়ত, ফসলের অনেকটা তাঁরা রেখে দেন নিজেরা খাবেন বলে। ফলে বাজার থেকে কিনে খেতে যতটা ব্যয় হত, তার থেকে কমে অন্নের সংস্থান হয়ে যাচ্ছে। পশ্চিমবঙ্গে উৎপন্ন মোট ধানের প্রায় এক-তৃতীয়াংশ বাজারে আসে না। এটাও অন্য রাজ্যের তুলনায় যথেষ্ট বেশি।
উৎপাদন কাঠামো এ রকম বলে সরকারি সংগ্রহ ব্যবস্থার সুফলও বেশি দূর যেতে পারে না। ২০১৯-২০ অর্থবর্ষে দেখছি যে, পশ্চিমবঙ্গে মোট ধান উৎপাদন হয়েছে ১ কোটি ৫৭ লক্ষ টন। অথচ সরকারের সংগ্রহ হয়েছে ১৮ লক্ষ টন, অর্থাৎ সাড়ে এগারো শতাংশ। লক্ষ্যমাত্রা ধার্য হচ্ছে ৪০-৫০ লক্ষ টন, কিন্তু প্রকৃত সংগ্রহ তার ধারকাছে যাচ্ছে না। একে সরকারি সংগ্রহ ব্যবস্থার ব্যর্থতা বলে দিলেই মামলা মিটে যাচ্ছে না। সরকারের পক্ষে সম্ভবই নয় মাঠে মাঠে ঘুরে সরকার-নির্দিষ্ট সংগ্রহমূল্য দিয়ে অসংখ্য ক্ষুদ্রাতিক্ষুদ্র কৃষকের থেকে কিনে বেড়ানো। অন্য দিকে, অধিকাংশ কৃষকেরও পোষাবে না দু’বস্তা ধান নিয়ে দূরবর্তী ধান সংগ্রহ কেন্দ্রে সশরীরে উপস্থিত হয়ে ন্যূনতম সহায়ক মূল্যে বিক্রি করা। তাই ফড়ে নামক পেশাটির সৃষ্টি ও স্থিতি। জোর করে এই মধ্যবর্তী সেবা প্রদানকারী পেশাটিকে বন্ধ করে দেওয়া যায় না। অতএব সরকারের ন্যূনতম সহায়ক মূল্য বাড়লেও তার লাভ পশ্চিমবঙ্গের কৃষকরা সামান্যই পাবেন।
একটি গতিশীল কৃষিব্যবস্থায় পারিবারিক শ্রম যে ভাবে কমে আসার কথা, পশ্চিমবঙ্গে তা হয়নি। তাই একর প্রতি উৎপাদন বেশি হলেও শ্রমের পরিমাণের তুলনায় উৎপাদন বেশি নয়। তাই উৎপাদক-পিছু আয়ও কম। বোঝা যাচ্ছে বিকল্প আয়ের সুযোগ এ রাজ্যে কম। না হলে বিকল্পের দিকেই যেতেন কৃষিজীবী পরিবারের অনেকে— ধান উৎপাদন কমে আসত; আর বাজারমূল্য বেশি, এমন কৃষিপণ্যের উৎপাদন বাড়ত, যা কেরলে হতে দেখা গিয়েছে। তাতে ধান উৎপাদনে পশ্চিমবঙ্গের অবস্থান হয়তো নেমে যেত, কিন্তু কৃষকের আয় বাড়ত। এখানে খাদ্যসুরক্ষার যুক্তি আনবেন কেউ কেউ। ধান উৎপাদন কমে গেলে ভাতে টান পড়বে যে! কিন্তু কৃষককে দারিদ্রে রেখে রাজ্যবাসীর খাদ্যসুরক্ষা নিশ্চিত করা, এ-ই বা কেমন কথা! অতএব কৃষিতে আয় বাড়তে হবে, সে বিষয়ে দ্বিমত থাকতে পারে না। কিন্তু কী ভাবে?
পশ্চিমবঙ্গের কৃষি অর্থনীতির এই যে বিশেষ কাঠামোগত বৈশিষ্ট্য, তা অন্য রকম নীতিভাবনা দাবি করে। জাতীয় স্তরের নীতি থেকে তাকে আলাদা হতেই হবে। কৃষিকে লাভজনক করে তুলতে শুধু কৃষির অভ্যন্তরীণ বিষয়ে নজর দিলে হবে না। গতানুগতিক কৃষিনীতির ঝোঁকটা থাকে এই অভ্যন্তরীণ বিষয়গুলির উপর— উচ্চফলনশীল বীজ থেকে শুরু করে সরকারি উদ্যোগে সেচ, ভর্তুকিতে সার, ঋণ, কৃষিপণ্যের বাজার সংস্কার ইত্যাদি। কিন্তু কৃষিক্ষেত্রের বাইরের গুরুত্বপূর্ণ পরিবর্তন ছাড়া এরা কতটা কার্যকর হবে, তা নিয়ে প্রশ্ন থেকে যায়। কৃষিতে উৎপাদক-পিছু উৎপাদন বাড়তে হলে কৃষিকাজে যুক্ত মানুষের সংখ্যা কমাতেই হবে, আর তা সম্ভব হবে যদি অ-কৃষিক্ষেত্রে শ্রমের চাহিদা জোগানের তুলনায় বাড়ে, আর তার ফলে মজুরি বাড়ে। পশ্চিমবঙ্গের গ্রামাঞ্চলের অ-কৃষিক্ষেত্রেও রোজগার তেমন ভাল নয়। দেখা যাচ্ছে, গ্রামাঞ্চলের অ-কৃষি পরিবারগুলির মধ্যে প্রায় অর্ধেকের প্রধান জীবিকা কৃষি বা অ-কৃষিক্ষেত্রে অস্থায়ী শ্রম। এ রাজ্যের অস্থায়ী শ্রমিকদের মজুরি অনেক রাজ্যের থেকেই নীচে।
বছর দুয়েক আগে ভুটানের প্রবেশদ্বার ফুন্টসোলিং-এ দেখেছিলাম প্রবেশ-ছাড়পত্রের অফিসে ভুটানে কর্মপ্রত্যাশী উত্তরবঙ্গের মানুষের ঢল। খোঁজ নিয়ে জানলাম যে, ভুটানে এই অদক্ষ শ্রমিকরা পান দৈনিক তিনশো টাকার আশপাশে। অতএব ধরে নেওয়া যায় যে, এই মজুরিতে কাজের সুযোগ সীমান্তের এ পারে নেই। এবং এই মজুরিতে কাজ করতে ভুটানিরা আগ্রহী নন। কেরলেও বাঙালি বিশেষ দক্ষতাহীন শ্রমিকরা যে মজুরিতে দলে দলে কাজ করতে ছুটছেন, বুঝতে হবে ওই রাজ্যবাসী ওই মজুরিতে ওই কাজে আগ্রহী নন। অর্থনীতিতে একে বলে ‘রিজ়ার্ভেশন ওয়েজ’— যে ন্যূনতম মজুরির নীচে মজুরি হলে শ্রমিক সে কাজ নেবেন না। কেরলে বা ভুটানে রিজ়ার্ভেশন ওয়েজ বেশি যে কারণগুচ্ছের জন্য, পশ্চিমবঙ্গে ঠিক সে সব কারণেই তা কম। বিদ্যালয় শিক্ষার সর্বজনীনতা বা তার অভাব একটি প্রধান কারণ, আর অন্য দিকে দারিদ্রের কারণে অপেক্ষায় অক্ষম। জাতীয় নমুনা সমীক্ষার পরিসংখ্যানেই আবার দেখছি পশ্চিমবঙ্গের গ্রামাঞ্চলে ১৫ বছর বা তার বেশি বয়সিদের মধ্যে ন্যূনতম মাধ্যমিক উত্তীর্ণ এমন মানুষ মাত্র ২৫ শতাংশ, আর গোটা দেশে তা ৩২ শতাংশ!
ইনস্টিটিউট অব ডেভলপমেন্ট স্টাডিজ়, কলকাতা
অন্য বিষয়গুলি:
agriculture
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These Terms of Use govern your use of the websites, content and community services offered through www.anandabazar.com , other associated URLs ("Site") and all mobile applications ("Mobile Apps") and products and services offered by ABP Pvt Ltd.
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Material Posted/transmitted at www.anandabazar.com by the user and /or any third party:
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Certain Services offered by the Company through www.anandazar.com platform, such as email, personal web pages, contests and shopping, require prior registration by the User. To gain access to such Services, You will be required to create an account by completing the registration process. As part of such registration process, You will be required to provide Us with current, complete and accurate information pertaining to such details as prompted by the applicable registration form. You will also be required to choose a unique password and a user name, which shall be entered by You every time You wish to gain access to the said Services. You shall not be entitled to gain, and shall not facilitate, access to www.anandabazar.com platform through a single account and password, by multiple users on a network. You agree and understand that We do not permit any part of www.anandabazar.com platform being cached in proxy servers. You are entirely responsible for maintaining the confidentiality of Your password and account.
If the Company reasonably believes that Your account and/or Password is being/ has been misused in any manner, the Company shall reserve the right to cancel access rights immediately without notice, and block access to all users from that IP address.
You shall not share your account information and password with others or use anyone else’s account. You are entirely responsible for any and all activities that occur under Your account. You agree to notify us immediately of any unauthorized use of your account or any other breach of security. In such an event, we shall do our best to help you recover your account; however, we cannot guarantee that your account will be restored or the content contained therein will be recovered. We will not be liable for any loss that you may incur as a result of unauthorized use of your password or account. However, you could be held liable for losses incurred by the Company or another party due to someone else using your account or password.
International Users
You agree and understand that the Services are controlled and operated by the Company from its offices in India. You agree that: (i) the Services shall be deemed solely based in India; and (ii) the use of the Services do not give rise to personal jurisdiction over the Company, either specific or general, in jurisdictions other than India. You agree that the laws of India, excluding India’s choice of law rules, will apply to this Terms of Use and Privacy Policy and all other policies and guidelines provided by the Company and to the provision of Services by the Company.
Access to www.anandabazar.com platform and/ or the Services from jurisdictions other than India where the same are illegal is prohibited. The Company reserves the right to block access to www.anandabazar.com platform and/ or the Services by such prohibited access by international users. If you access www.anandabazar.com platform and/ or the Services from a location outside India, you waive any right available under laws of jurisdictions outside of India.
Individual Registration and Access
Certain Services offered by the Company through www.anandazar.com platform, such as email, personal web pages, contests and shopping, require prior registration by the User. To gain access to such Services, You will be required to create an account by completing the registration process. As part of such registration process, You will be required to provide Us with current, complete and accurate information pertaining to such details as prompted by the applicable registration form. You will also be required to choose a unique password and a user name, which shall be entered by You every time You wish to gain access to the said Services. You shall not be entitled to gain, and shall not facilitate, access to www.anandabazar.com platform through a single account and password, by multiple users on a network. You agree and understand that We do not permit any part of www.anandabazar.com platform being cached in proxy servers. You are entirely responsible for maintaining the confidentiality of Your password and account.
If the Company reasonably believes that Your account and/or Password is being/ has been misused in any manner, the Company shall reserve the right to cancel access rights immediately without notice, and block access to all users from that IP address.
You shall not share your account information and password with others or use anyone else’s account. You are entirely responsible for any and all activities that occur under Your account. You agree to notify us immediately of any unauthorized use of your account or any other breach of security. In such an event, we shall do our best to help you recover your account; however, we cannot guarantee that your account will be restored or the content contained therein will be recovered. We will not be liable for any loss that you may incur as a result of unauthorized use of your password or account. However, you could be held liable for losses incurred by the Company or another party due to someone else using your account or password.
International Users
You agree and understand that the Services are controlled and operated by the Company from its offices in India. You agree that: (i) the Services shall be deemed solely based in India; and (ii) the use of the Services do not give rise to personal jurisdiction over the Company, either specific or general, in jurisdictions other than India. You agree that the laws of India, excluding India’s choice of law rules, will apply to this Terms of Use and Privacy Policy and all other policies and guidelines provided by the Company and to the provision of Services by the Company.
Access to www.anandabazar.com platform and/ or the Services from jurisdictions other than India where the same are illegal is prohibited. The Company reserves the right to block access to www.anandabazar.com platform and/ or the Services by such prohibited access by international users. If you access www.anandabazar.com platform and/ or the Services from a location outside India, you waive any right available under laws of jurisdictions outside of India.
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You can terminate Your account at any time by writing to service@anandabazar.com but your information may remain stored in archive on Our servers even after the deletion or the termination of Your account.
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• delete from the Site any legal notices, disclaimers, or proprietary notices such as copyright or trademark symbols, or modify any logos that you do not own or have express permission to modify;
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• obtain or attempt to obtain any materials or information through any means not intentionally made available through the Site/Service;
• engage in any activity that causes / may harm minors; or
• perform any activity which is likely to cause such harm;
• impersonate any person or entity, including, but not limited to, ABP PVT. LTD.'s official, forum leader, guide or host, or falsely state or otherwise misrepresent your affiliation with a person or entity;
• take any action which encourages or consists of any threat of harm of any kind to any person or property;
• carry out any "denial of service" (DoS, DDoS) or any other harmful attacks on application or internet service or;
• make any inappropriate, illegal or otherwise prohibited communication to any Newsgroup, Mailing List, Chat Facility, or other Internet Forum;
• use the Site/Service for illegal purposes;
• disrupt, place unreasonable burdens or excessive loads on, interfere with or attempt to make or attempt any unauthorized access to any ABP PVT. LTD website or the website of any ABP PVT.LTD.'s customer;
• transmit through the Site, any unlawful, harassing, libelous, abusive, threatening, harmful, vulgar, obscene, libelous, hateful, or racially, ethnically or otherwise objectionable material of any kind or nature. This includes text, graphics, video, programs or audio, etc;
• collect or attempt to collect personally identifiable information of any person or entity without their express written consent and you shall maintain records of any such written consent throughout the terms of this agreement and for a period of 2 years thereafter;
• engage in antisocial, disruptive, or destructive acts, including "flaming," "spamming," "flooding," "trolling," and "griefing" as those terms are commonly understood and used on the Internet
• forge headers or otherwise manipulate identifiers in order to disguise the origin of any content transmitted through the Site.
• upload, post, email, transmit or otherwise make available any unsolicited or unauthorised advertising, promotional materials, "junk mail," "spam," "chain letters," "pyramid schemes," duplicative messages or any other form of solicitation.
• encumber or suffer to exist any lien or security interest on the subject matter of this Agreement; or
• make any representation or warranty on behalf of ABP PVT. LTD.
You agree not to post, distribute, transmit or otherwise make available any data, text, message, computer file, or other material that infringes and/or violates any right of a third party or any domestic or international law, rule, or regulation, including but not limited to:
• infringement of any copyright, trademark, patent, trade secret, or other proprietary rights of any third party, including, but not limited to, the unauthorized copying of copyrighted material, the digitization and distribution of photographs from magazines, books, or other copyrighted sources, and the unauthorized transmittal of copyrighted software;
• Right of privacy (specifically, you must not distribute another person's personal information of any kind without their express permission) or publicity;
• Any confidentiality obligation.
Unless otherwise permitted, you will: (i) display the Service on your Site in the exact form received by you, and not modify or edit any of the foregoing without ABP PVT. Ltd.'s prior written consent; (ii) ensure that the fundamental meaning of the Service is not changed or distorted; (iii) comply with all applicable laws and all limitations and restrictions (if any) placed by ABP PVT. Ltd. on the use, display or distribution of any Service and (iv) not archive any of the Service for access by users at any future date after the Service has been removed from your Web site. You acknowledge that the service must link and redirect to the appropriate ABP PVT. Ltd.'s Web page when a user clicks on the Service (e.g. a headline). You shall not display the Service in such a manner that does not allow for successful linking and redirection to, and delivery of, ABP PVT. Ltd.'s Web page, nor may you frame any ABP PVT. Ltd.'s Web page.
No Controlling Spam Policy or Unsolicited E-mails
You will not use any communication tool or other means available on the Site to transmit, directly or indirectly, any unsolicited bulk communications (including emails and instant messages). You may not harvest information about users of ABP PVT. LTD. for the purpose of sending or to facilitate the sending of unsolicited bulk communications. We may terminate your access or use of the Site immediately, with or without any notice, and take any other legal action if you, or anyone using your access details to the Site, violates these terms. We may adopt any technical remedy (including any filtering technology or other measures) to prevent unsolicited bulk communications from entering, or remaining within our computer or communication networks. Such filtering technology or other measures may block, either temporarily or permanently, some e-mail sent to you through the ABP PVT. Ltd.'s Web Sites.
Disclaimer of Warranties and Liability
limitation, the implied warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, workmanlike effort, title and non-infringement are disclaimed and excluded.
ABP PVT. Ltd. and its parent, affiliates and associates shall not be liable, at any time for any, direct, indirect, punitive, incidental, special, consequential, damages (including, without limitation, damages for loss of business projects, damage to your computer system or damages for loss of profits, damages for loss of use, data or profits, arising out of or in any way connected with the use or performance of the ABP PVT. Ltd.'s sites/services, with the delay or inability to use the ABP PVT. Ltd.'s sites/services or related services, the provision of or failure to provide services, or for any information, software, products, services and related graphics obtained through the ABP PVT. LTD. sites/services, or otherwise arising out of the use of the ABP PVT. LTD. sites/services) arising in contract, tort or otherwise from the use of or inability to use the Site, or any of its contents, or from any act or omissions a result of using the Site or any such contents or for any failure of performance, error, omission, interruption, deletion, defect, delay in operation or transmission, computer virus, communications line failure, theft or destruction or unauthorised access to, alteration of, or use of information contained on the site. No representations, warranties or guarantees whatsoever are made by ABP PVT. LTD. as to the (a) accuracy, adequacy, reliability, completeness, suitability or applicability of the information to a particular situation; (b) that the service will be uninterrupted, timely, secure, or error-free; (c) the quality of any products, services, content, information, or other material purchased or obtained from the website will meet your expectations or requirements; or (d) any errors in the website will be corrected.
Links to Other Sites
All the contents of this Site are only for general information or use. They do not constitute advice and should not be relied upon in making (or refraining from making) any decision. Any specific advice or replies to queries in any part of the Site is/are the personal opinion of such experts/consultants/persons and are not subscribed to by this Site. The information from or through this site is provided on "AS IS" basis, and all warranties and conditions, expressed or implied of any kind, regarding any matter pertaining to any goods, service or channel, including without Certain links on the Site lead to resources located on servers maintained by third parties, these sites of third party(s) may contain ABP PVT. LTD.'s-logo, please understand that it is independent from ABP PVT. LTD., over whom ABP PVT. LTD. has no control or connection, business or otherwise as these sites are external to ABP PVT. LTD. You agree and understand that by visiting such sites you are beyond the ABP PVT. LTD.'s website. ABP PVT. LTD., therefore neither endorses nor offers any judgement or warranty and accepts no responsibility or liability for the authenticity, availability, suitability, reliability, accuracy of the information, software, products, services and related graphics contained, of any of the goods/services/or for any damage, loss or harm, direct or consequential or any violation of local or international laws that may be incurred by your visit and/or transaction/s on these site(s), as the same is provided on "as is" without warranty of any kind. ABP PVT. LTD. gives no warranty and makes no representation whether expressed or implied, that the information contained in this site is error free. ABP PVT. LTD. shall not be responsible nor liable for any consequential damages arising on account of your relying on the contents of the advertisement. Before relying on the material, users should independently verify its relevance for their purposes, and should obtain any appropriate professional advice.
Material Submitted by Users
Certain elements of the Site will contain material submitted by users. ABP PVT. LTD. accepts no responsibility for the content, accuracy, conformity to applicable laws of such material. You will indemnify and hold harmless ABP PVT. LTD. against all third party claims, demands and actions brought against ABP PVT. LTD. which arises from or relates to the material submitted by you.
Advertising Material
Part of the Site contains advertising information or promotion material or other material submitted to ABP PVT. LTD. by third parties. Responsibility for ensuring that material submitted for inclusion on Site complies with applicable International and National law is exclusively on the party providing the information/material. Your correspondence or business dealings with, or participation in promotions of, advertisers other than ABP PVT. LTD. found on or through the Website, including payment and delivery of related goods or services, and any other terms, conditions, warranties or representations associated with such dealings, are solely between You and such advertiser. ABP PVT. LTD. will not be responsible or liable for any claim, error, omission, inaccuracy in advertising material or any loss or damage of any sort incurred as the result of any such dealings or as the result of the presence of such non-ABP PVT. LTD. advertisers on the Website. ABP PVT. LTD. reserves the right to omit, suspend or change the position of any advertising material submitted for insertion. Acceptance of advertisements on the Site will be subject to these terms and conditions.
Data Protection
ABP PVT. LTD. may send information and offer products and services to you from time to time. For further details relating to our policy relating to such offer please refer to our privacy statement. Notwithstanding the foregoing, ABP PVT. LTD. reserves the right to disclose any information in response to / that it is required to be shared, disclosed or make made available to any governmental, administrative, regulatory or judicial authority under any law or regulation applicable to ABP PVT. LTD.
Further, ABP PVT. LTD. can (and you authorize ABP PVT. LTD. to) disclose your name, street address, city, state, zip code, country, phone number, email, and company name to Intellectual Property rights owners, as we in our sole discretion believe necessary or appropriate in connection with an investigation of fraud, intellectual property infringement, piracy, or other unlawful activity.
Relationship
None of the provisions of the User Agreement shall be deemed to constitute a partnership or agency between you and ABP PVT. LTD. and you shall have no authority to bind ABP PVT. LTD. in any manner, whatsoever.
Force Majeure
ABP PVT. LTD. shall have no liability to you for any interruption or delay, to access the Site irrespective of the cause.
Indian Law
The Agreement shall be governed by the Laws of India. The Courts of law at Kolkata, West Bengal, India shall have exclusive jurisdiction over any disputes arising under this agreement.
Entire Agreement
These Terms of Service constitute the entire agreement between the parties with respect to the subject matter hereof and supersedes and replaces all prior or contemporaneous understandings or agreements, written or oral, regarding such subject matter.
Right to remove inappropriate messages
We reserve the right to remove any messages we deem to be inappropriate, i.e, racist, sexist or threatening. Messages using inappropriate language will also be removed. We do not wish to be censors, but our forums must remain civilized and respect the rights of others.
Limited time to bring your claim
You and ABP PVT. LTD. agree that any cause of action arising out of or related to the ABP PVT. LTD.'s web sites, only, must commence within one (1) year after the cause of action accrues otherwise, such cause of action will be permanently barred.
Acceptance of Terms & Conditions
By using ABP PVT. LTD.'s sites and services, you signify your acceptance of this Terms & Conditions. If you do not agree or are not comfortable with any term described in this Term & Conditions, your only remedy is to discontinue use of ABP PVT. LTD. sites. We reserve the right, to modify this Terns & Conditions at any time.
General Terms
Rights and obligations under the Terms which by their nature should survive will remain in full effect after termination or expiration of the Terms.
Any express waiver or failure to exercise promptly any right under the Terms will not create a continuing waiver or any expectation of non-enforcement.
If any provision of the Terms is held invalid by any law or regulation of any government, or by any court or arbitrator, the parties agree that such provision will be replaced with a new provision that accomplishes the original business purpose, and the other provisions of the Terms will remain in full force and effect.
Notice of Copyright Infringement
ABP PVT. LTD. is not liable for any infringement of copyright arising out of materials posted on or transmitted through the site, or items advertised on the site, by end users or any other third parties. Our policy is to comply with all Intellectual Property Laws and to act expeditiously upon receiving any notice of claimed infringement. If you believe that your work has been reproduced on this website in a manner that constitutes copyright infringement, please provide a notice of copyright infringement containing all of the following information:
(a)A physical or electronic signature of a person authorized to act on behalf of the copyright owner for the purposes of the complaint.
(b)Identification of the copyrighted work claimed to have been infringed.
(c)Identification of the material on our website that is claimed to be infringing or to be the subject of infringing activity.
(d)The address, telephone number or e-mail address of the complaining party.
(e)A statement that the complaining party has a good-faith belief that use of the material in the manner complained of is not authorized by the copyright owner, its agent or the law.
(f)A statement, under penalty of perjury, that the information in the notice of copyright infringement is accurate, and that the complaining party is authorized to act on behalf of the owner of the right that is allegedly infringed.
All notices of copyright infringement should be sent to:
ABP Pvt. Ltd.
www.anandabazar.com
ABP Pvt. Ltd. 6, Prafulla Sarkar St. Kolkata-700001, West Bengal, India
+913322345374
WHAT INFORMATION DO WE GATHER ABOUT YOU?
The information gathered when you interact with ABP falls into two categories: 1) Personal information, which includes personal information you supply when you subscribe, order, complete a survey, register for one of our sites, enter a contest or provide your email address and 2) Non-personal information collected through technology, which includes tracking information collected by us as well as third parties.
Personal Information That You Give Us or Ask a Third Party to Share with Us
Registration Information
Registration for ABP may require that you supply certain personal information, including a unique email address and demographic information (ZIP code, age, sex, household income, job industry and job title) to register.
You may register or enhance your profile by linking your Facebook or Google accounts on ABP. By doing this, you are asking them to send us certain information from those social media accounts, and you are authorizing us to collect, store, and use what they send us in accordance with this Privacy Policy.
Social media registration features may collect your IP address, the page you are visiting on our site, and may set a cookie to enable the feature to function properly. Social media features and widgets are either hosted by a third party or hosted directly on our website. You can disassociate your ABP registration from third-party accounts any time.
Kindly note that ABP shall not responsible for any information collected by the third party from you.
User Generated Content and Public Activities (Including Comments and Reader Reviews)
We offer you opportunities to engage in public activities on ABP.com and other ABP Services. "Public activities" are any actions you take on ABP that are designed to be visible to other users, including comments, recommendations, reader reviews, ratings or any other items that you submit. Any information you disclose in your public activities, along with your screen name or ID, or any image or photo, becomes public and may be used by ABP for online and offline promotional or commercial uses in any and all media. If you choose to engage in public activities, you should be aware that any personal information you submit can be read, collected and used by other users of these areas. We are not responsible for the personal information you choose to submit in the course of your public activities and we have no responsibility to publish, take down, remove or edit any of your public activities or submissions. For more information, see Terms of Service.
Public activities may be included in our RSS feeds, APIs and other distribution formats. As a result, your public activities may appear on other websites, blogs, or feeds. Keep in mind that we are not responsible for any personal information you choose to make public via your public activities, and you agree that such sharing will be deemed to have been done by you, not ABP including but not limited to sharing of information in your connected social media accounts.
When you share or recommend links to content on a third-party platform (such as Facebook, Google+ and Twitter), that action and any information you share will be covered by their privacy policy.
Contests, Sweepstakes and Special Offers
ABP collects personal information from you when you participate in sweepstakes, contests or special offers. If this information is also being collected by a third party other than ABP, we will notify you at the same time. If you do not want any personal information shared, you should not participate in the sweepstakes, contest or special offer.
Reader Surveys, Reader Panels and Market Research
ABP may collect personal information from you in connection with voluntary surveys conducted via ABP. Data may be collected through ABP, on the phone or through the mail. The information you provide may be shared, but only in the aggregate, with advertisers and partners unless we notify you otherwise at the time of collection.
Members of our Reader Panels agree to participate in surveys, polls or discussions about their readership of ABP, their household/personal characteristics and their purchase behavior.
Conferences and Live Events
We often receive information about attendees to our live events from sign-in and registration lists. We may share this information with event or promotion sponsors, in which case we will notify you when we collect the information.
Non-Personal Information Collected Using Technology
Information Collected by Us Using Technology
We use various internet technologies to manage ABP and track use of the Services. Non-personal information that we collect using these technologies may be combined with other information about you.
Device Information. We may collect non-personal information about the computer, mobile device or other device you use to access ABP, such as IP address, geolocation information, unique device identifiers, browser type, browser language and other transactional information.
Cookies, Beacons, Local Storage and Other Similar Technologies. We use "cookies," web beacons, tags and scripts, and other similar technologies including local storage objects such as HTML5. These technologies allow us to manage access to and use of the Services, recognize you and provide personalization, and help us understand how people use ABP. You will not be able to access certain areas of our websites, including ABP, if your computer does not accept cookies from us. We do not respond to browser-based "do not track" signals. For more detailed information about our use of cookies and local storage, and how to manage them, see Frequently Asked Questions About Cookies.
We may transmit non-personally identifiable website usage information to third parties in order to show you advertising for ABP when you visit other sites. For more information about our third-party ad server, or to learn your choices about not having this non-personal information used to target ads to you, please click here.
Local Storage Objects
We may use Local Storage Objects (LSOs) such as HTML5 to store content information and preferences. Third parties with whom we partner to provide certain features on our site or to display advertising based upon your web browsing activity use LSOs such as HTML 5 or Flash to collect and store information.
Various browsers may offer their own management tools for removing HTML5 LSOs. To manage Flash LSOs please click here:
http://www.macromedia.com/support/
documentation/en/flashplayer/
help/settings_manager07.html
Analytics, Log Files and Reading History
As is true of most websites, we gather certain information automatically and store it in log files. This information may include internet protocol (IP) addresses (the region or general location where your computer or device is accessing the internet), browser type, operating system and other usage information about the use of ABP, including a history of the pages you view.
We may combine this automatically collected log information with other information we collect about you. We do this to improve services we offer you, including customized Recommendations, advertising and currency display, to improve marketing, and to track access and use of ABP across the devices that you use to access ABP.
We have hired third parties to provide us information, reports and analysis about the usage, browsing patterns of our users. They may independently record the type of device and operating system you are using, general location information, as well as events that occur within our apps, such as how often you use our apps.
Location Information. Some of our mobile applications can deliver content based on your current location if you choose to enable that feature of the app. If you enable the location-based feature, your current location will be stored locally on your device, which will then be used by the app. If you elect to have a location-based search saved to your history, we will store that information on our servers. If you do not enable the location-based service, or if an app does not have that feature, the app will not transmit to us, and we will not collect or store, location information.
The ads in our apps are not targeted to you based on your current GPS location, but they may be targeted to you based on your ZIP code or device's IP address.
Third Parties
Some of the services and advertisements included in ABP, including on ABP and within our mobile apps, are delivered or served by third-party companies, which may collect information about your use of ABP.
These companies may place or recognize cookies, web beacons or other technology to track certain non-personal information about our website users. For example, in the course of serving certain advertisements, an advertiser may place or recognize a unique cookie on your browser in order to collect certain information about your use of ABP. For another example, an advertiser or ad server may also be able to collect your device's unique identifier in the course of serving an ad. In many cases, this information could be used to show you ads on other websites based on your interests.
We do not have access to, nor control over, these third parties' use of cookies or other tracking technologies or how they may be used.
Please click here to see a list of third parties that may be using cookies to serve advertising on our websites or in our apps. For example, we use Google to serve advertisements onto ABP, which use the Google Doubleclick cookie, and in some cases, a unique device identifier, to show you ads based on your visit to ABP and other sites on the internet. You may opt out of the use of the Google Doubleclick cookie by visiting the Google ad and content network privacy policy.
You have choices about the collection of information by third parties on our website:
1) If you would like more about your option not to accept advertiser cookies, please click here.
2) If you would like to opt-out of having interest-based ad targeting, click here.
Your access to our websites should not be affected if you do not accept cookies served by third parties.
WHAT DO WE DO WITH THE INFORMATION WE GATHER ABOUT YOU?
Provide the Services You Request
We use the information we gather about you to enable your use of ABP and fulfill your requests for certain products and services, such as sending out electronic newsletters and enabling you to participate in and renew paid services, polls, contests and message boards.
Statistical Analysis
We perform statistical, demographic and marketing analyses of users of ABP, and their subscribing and purchasing patterns, for product development purposes and to generally inform advertisers about the nature of our subscriber base. We use this information for analysis purposes, including analysis to improve customer relationships.
Customizing Your Experience
We use the information that we collect to allow advertising to be targeted to the users for whom such advertising is most pertinent. We also use this information to customize certain features of ABP to provide you with an enhanced experienced based on the type of device you are using to access ABP, and in certain cases, provide you with requested services.
Relevant Advertising
We may use demographic and preference information to allow advertising on ABP Service to be targeted to the users for whom they are most pertinent. This means users see advertising that is most likely to interest them, and advertisers send their messages to people who are most likely to be receptive, improving both the viewer's experience and the effectiveness of the ads. We disclose information to third parties only in aggregate or de-identified form.
Email Newsletters
ABP will periodically send you email newsletters or promotional email about services offered by ABP and its advertisers. For details about ABP email, please see below:
WHAT IS OUR EMAIL POLICY?
We will not send you marketing messages if you have unsubscribed. You can choose not to receive messages in the future by following the "unsubscribe" instructions located near the bottom of each email. We will not share, sell, rent, swap or authorize any third party to use your email address for commercial purposes without your permission. However, we will only share your email id with our registered partners in conformance with law. If you feel you have received an email from us in error, please contact newsletter.feedback@abpdigital.in
Email Newsletters. Anandabazar offers several email newsletters. If you no longer wish to receive a specific newsletter, follow the "unsubscribe" instructions located near the bottom of each newsletter.
Survey Email. We may invite you to participate in user surveys asking for feedback on anandabazar.com and existing or prospective products and services, as well as information to better understand our users. User surveys greatly help us to improve our Services, and any information we obtain in such surveys will not be shared with third parties, except in aggregate form.
Emails from You. If you send us an email, we will use your email address to respond directly to your questions or comments.
Email This Article Feature. Addresses you provide in the "Email" share feature may be saved for your convenience for future articles you may wish to email; but they are not used for any other purpose, and will not be shared with any third parties.
WITH WHOM DO WE SHARE THE INFORMATION THAT WE GATHER?
Within ABP
If you have registered to use ABP, we will not sell, rent, swap or authorize any third party to use your email address without your permission.
In the future, we may sell, buy, merge or partner with other companies or businesses. In such transactions, we may include your information among the transferred assets.
Third Parties
Not with-standing, anything contained herein above, we may share the information provided by you with third parties (in any manner whatsoever) and such consent for sharing information with third parties maybe expressed and / or implied as may be applicable and / or indicated. For abundant caution, it is provided that your participation in our website in any form and / or manner whatsoever is an implied consent from your end to be bound by our privacy policy and a further implied consent of allowing us to share your information with third parties.
If you are a print subscriber, we may exchange or rent your name and mailing address (but not your email address) and certain other information, such as when you first subscribed to ABP with other reputable companies that offer marketing information or products through direct mail. If you prefer that we do not share this information, you may opt-out by emailing us at support@abpdigital.in, reach out to us here. Or write to us at: ABP Pvt. Ltd. 6, Prafulla Sarkar St. Kolkata-700001, West Bengal, India.
Please include your account number and phone number in the body of your email or letter, and include "Opt-out" in the subject line.
We may share information about attendees to our live events with sponsors or other third parties. If so, we will notify you when you provide us the information.
Service Providers
We contract with other companies to provide services on our behalf, including credit-card and billing processing, ad serving, shipping, email distribution, list processing and analytics or promotions management. We provide these companies only with the information they need to perform their services. These service providers are restricted from using personal information in any way other than to provide services for ABP, and they may not share, resell or use the data for their own direct marketing purposes.
We reserve the right to disclose your opt-out information to third parties so they can suppress your name from future solicitations, in accordance with applicable laws. We may occasionally release personal information as required by law, for example, to comply with a court order or subpoena.
HOW DO I CHANGE OR UPDATE MY PERSONAL INFORMATION?
Manage Your ABP Account in the My Account Area. You may review and update your ABP membership or account information and access your transaction history in the My Account area. We will respond to inquiries regarding deletion of data within a reasonable timeframe.
Data Retention. We will retain your information for at least as long as your account is active, as needed to provide you services or as necessary to comply with our legal obligations, resolve disputes, and enforce our agreements. As a matter of course, we will delete personally identifiable information associated with accounts that have been inactive for at least 15 years.
HOW DO I OPT-OUT?
If, at any time, you prefer not to receive email marketing information from us, simply follow the unsubscribe options at the bottom of each email.
If you experience difficulty with the unsubscribe process, feel free to contact us at support@abpdigital.in and provide your email address along with the name of the newsletter from which you would like to unsubscribe.
Mail or Telephone Promotions
If, at any time, you prefer not to receive mail or telephone solicitations originated by ABP Home Delivery Department, or if you prefer that we do not share this information with third parties for marketing purposes, please email us at support@abpdigital.in or write to us at ABP Pvt. Ltd. 6, Prafulla Sarkar St. Kolkata-700001, West Bengal, India. Please include your account number and phone number in the body of your email or letter, and put "Opt-out" in the subject line.
It is further provided that if you wish ABP to delete your data provided by you to ABP you are requested to send an email to support@abpdigital.in by expressly stating that the data provided by you be deleted. However ABP can only delete the data you provided to ABP and this deletion shall in no manner deem to be deletion of your data that you may have provided to your linked third party social media accounts.
Use of Third Party Personal Information
If you choose to use "email this article" or give a Gift subscription, we require the recipient's name and email address. We will automatically send them a one-time email about the service. ABP does not store this information.
IS MY INFORMATION PROTECTED?
To prevent unauthorized access, maintain data accuracy and ensure the appropriate use of information, we have put in place commercially reasonable physical, technical and administrative controls to protect the information. Please note that no method of transmission over the internet, or method of electronic storage, is 100% secure.
OTHER INFORMATION
Compliance With Legal Process
We may access, preserve and disclose personal information if we are required to do so by law or we have a good faith belief that such action is necessary to (1) comply with the law or with legal process; (2) protect and defend our rights and property; (3) protect against misuse or unauthorized use of ABP; or (4) protect the personal safety or property of our users or the public (among other things, this means that if you provide false information or attempt to pose as someone else, information about you may be disclosed as part of any investigation into your actions).
Changes to This Policy
We evaluate this privacy policy periodically in light of changing business practices, technology and legal requirements. As a result, it is updated from time to time. Any such changes will be posted on this page. If we make a significant or material change in the way we use or share your personal information, you will be notified via email and/or prominent notice.